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Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

Soil Enzyme Responses and Crop Productivity Indices Assessment in Agricultural Soil Impacted with Heavy Metals

Uchenna Fredrick Anikwe,  Godwin Ikechukwu Ameh,  Cyril Onyekachi Edeoga,  Emeka Henry Oparaji*
Published in American Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering (Volume 8, Issue 2)
Received: 29 March 2024     Accepted: 20 May 2024     Published: 29 September 2024
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Abstract

The present study assessed the productivity of cultivated garden vegetable among other ecological assessments in soil samples impacted with heavy metals. Assay of soil enzyme responses showed the activity of: catalase, peroxidase, lipase and ureasewith corresponding OD reading of 0.750, 2.05, 0.22 and 1.704 respectively. There were noticeable increases in the activity of ureaseandperoxidasewhilecatalaseandlipaseactivitywererelativelylowinthesampledsoil. Out of the 321g of the vegetable seedstested for viability, 45% representing 144.45g was used for the planting and further experiment. After three days of cultivation, germination process was recorded faster in the T. oleifera potted ridge while Amaranthus and Solanum sp seed took 3-4 day for break full dormancy. Determination of total chlorophyll a and b in the selected vegetables showed a correlative increase in chlorophyll a and b in soils contaminated with Zn, Cu and Fe in all the cultivated vegetables: T. oleifera, Amaranthus and Solanum sp, respectively. There are significant increase in total cholorphyl a (0.9mg/g) and b (0.8mg/g) contents from the results when compared with the control experiment as other soil contaminated with heavy metals such as: Pb, and As repressed the selected vegetables cultivated in the soil samples. However total chlorophyll a was seems lightly higher than cholophyl b in all the selected vegetable cultivated in soil. Analysis on the impact of heavy metals on the shootlength of the cultivated vegetables analysed for thirty-one days showed regressive increase in the shootlength of the cultivated vegetables as the period of harvest increases from 0-31 when compared with the control experiment. However Cd and As had the most estimated impact on the vegetables in all the cultivated soils and its impact progresses as the period of harvest increases. Dry matter weight contents of the cultivated vegetables cultivated in the polluted soils were analysed; also the same index was assessed in the vegetables from the unpolluted soils. There was a significant increase in the dry matter contents of the cultivated vegetables in soil polluted with Cu, Fe and Zn respectively. However, dry matter contents were seen progressively low in vegetables cultivated in soils polluted with Cd, As and Pb. When compared with the control experiment. The results from the present study have shown the vulnerability of agricultural soil and cultivated vegetables to effluent from industrial bias sources used for irrigation and its impact on agricultural productivity.

Published in American Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering (Volume 8, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajcbe.20240802.11
Page(s) 34-44
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group
Previous article
Keywords

Heavy Metals, Vegetable, Enzymes, Pollution

1. Introduction
Enormous quantities of noxious pollutants have been released into surrounding over the last few decades. Among these pollutants, heavy metals (HMs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) represent the major pollutants of terrestrial environment
[49]
. The threat of pollutants not only from natural sources such as seeps but also from anthropogenic activities such as spillages from effluent treatment plants and other emissions, endangers the terrestrial biodiversity
[35, 40]
. Soil and its inhabitant organisms tend to accumulate different dietary and waterborne contaminants including heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and other organic compound such as Anthracene etc from the environment which they live in
[66, 19, 21]
.
Heavy metals otherwise known as the trace metals due to their relativity in abundance and bioavaiability are metals with relatively high atomic mass and thus which reflect in their atomic weights examples includes Arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, and selenium
[3, 26, 28]
. They take part in bio-geochemical reactions and are transported between compartments by natural processes, the rate of which are at times greatly altered by human activities
[7, 58, 64]
. They persist in nature and can cause damage or death in animals, humans, and plants even at very low concentrations (1 or 2 micrograms in some cases. The metals cannot be metabolized by natural means. Chemical industries are key source of heavy metals (Osuji and Onajeke, 2004). The peculiar ability of heavy metals is to accumulate without being noticed to levels of toxicity
[14, 42, 45]
. Heavy metals are connected with severe health abnormalities such as nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and malignancies of various types (Goyer, 1996). Lead (Pb) interferes with haem biosynthesis 68. It inhibits the activity of 2-amino laevulinic acid dehydratase which leads to accumulation of protoporphyrin in the red blood cell
[29, 37, 54]
. Cadmium can expediently substitute zinc in several enzymes consequently changing their configuration and inhibiting catalytic function
[60]
.
With the increasing human population and change in the feeding culture of people, there has been increased need for food supply. This with the need for quality food vitamin has increased the demand for vegetable foods e.g green spinaches and its products
[14]
. The global consumption of vegetable and derived vegetable products for example has generally increased during recent decades
[23]
. The cage herbarium sector has grown very rapidly during the past 20 years and is presently undergoing rapid changes in response to pressures from globalization and growing demand for vegetable products in both developing and developed countries
[27]
.
It has been predicted that vegetable consumption in developing countries will increase by 57 percent, from 62.7 million metric tons in 1997 to 98.6 million in 2020
[1]
.
Vegetables enjoy a good reputation as a nutritious and healthy food. The consumption of vegetables is recommended because it is a good source of antioxidants among other beneficial phytochemical components which has been associated with health benefits due to its cardio-protective effects
[4, 10]
. Vegetables also contain vitamins, mineral and other trace beneficial elements which play essential role in human health
[12, 14, 47]
. However, the levels of contaminants in vegetables and its poor management are of particular interest because of the potential risk to humans who consume them. High level of heavy metals bioaccumulation in vegetables to such a degree that it becomes toxic to human when ingested. In Nigeria, data on heavy metals and other potential hazardous compounds in both aquaculture area and open cultured are lacking
[38, 62]
. The safety and health state of the vegetables consumed are not aware of. Estimation of heavy metals in the environment is important because of the clinical significant of these recalcitrant in foods especially when they passed on to human being through the consumption of vegetables and vegetable products
[7, 15, 63]
. Agricultural practices and its bountifulness can only improve when the integrity of the surrounding soil is not compromised. The present study provides information on the impact of trace metals on the growth and productivity of vegetables sampled from three farms in Enugu metropolis.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
All the chemicals, reagents and equipments used in the present study were of analytical grade and products of designated companies of BDh, Sigma, May and Baker; the equipments are properly calibrated at each use and stored at regulated condition.
2.2. Soil Sample Collection
Soil sample were collected around three different parts within Enugu metropolis (Long.140N, SE 4) as described by Ezenwelu et al.
[33]
and as contained in ATSDR
[2]
; the samples were pooled together in a clean container whereas debris were selected off initially. There taken to the laboratory for further analysis.
2.3. Contamination of the Soil Samples
Pooled soil samples after 48 hrs acclimatization was impacted with heavy metals of Fe, Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Zn at concentration of 10mg/g optimized at pH 6.5 as described by Valerro
[66]
.
2.4. Soil Enzyme Assessment
Soil quality marker enzymes were determined using standard assay protocols, enzyme such as: Lipase, catalase, urease and peroxidase will be assayed.
2.4.1. Lipase
Lipase activity in the soil was determined as described by Elshora et al.
[31]
.
2.4.2. Catalase
Catalase activity in the soil was determined as described by Eze et al.
[32]
.
2.4.3. Peroxidase
Peroxidase activity in the soil was determined as described by Eze et al.
[32]
.
Urease activity in the soil was determined as described by Douglas and Bremner
[27]
.
2.4.4. Seed Viability Test
This was carried out as described by Merkl et al.
[57]
using the flotation method.
2.4.5. Cultivation of Seeds of Spinach, Water leaf and Pumpkin
Seeds of Spinach, Water leaf and Pumpkin were cultivated as described by Chukwuma and Adams
[24]
.
2.5. Determination of the Growth Parameters
2.5.1. Plant Shoot Length Measurement
This will be done as described by Merkl et al.
[57]
and records were taken every other four (4) days for the respective plants using a meter rule.
2.5.2. Dry Matter Contents
This will be done as described by Merkl et al.
[57]
using the sensitive weighing balance after drying at constant temperature for days.
2.5.3. Plant Leave Area
Mean area of the plant leaves were determined as described by Chukwu and Adams
[24]
using the formular 0.5LB where L= length of the leave in cm, B = breath in cm.
Number of leaves per plant stalk was also extrapolated per each plant.
2.5.4. Chlorophyl A and B Determination
This was carried out respectively as described by Merkl et al.
[57]
absorbance were at 623 and 650nm respectively against acetone solution blank.
3. Results and Discussion
Soil enzyme responses from the agricultural soil impacted with heavy metals of Fe, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn at concentration of 10mg/g optimized at pH 6.5. Stress marker enzymes of Lipase, catalase, urease and peroxidase assayed showed differential catalytic activity in the presence of the respective heavy metals as shown in figure 1.
Figure 1. Soil enzyme activity in the presence of the heavy metal impacted soil samples.
Analysis of soil enzymes showed the activity of the catalase, peroxidase, lipase and urease, peroxidase and with corresponding OD reading of 0.750, 2.05, 0.22 and 1.704 respectively. There were noticeable increases in the activity of urease and peroxidase while catalase and lipase activity were relatively reduced. Vallero
[68]
reported the activities of quality marker soil enzymes in the presence of recalcitrant; most constitutive enzymes are said to be mark qualities of soil otherwise House-keeping enzymes whose activities are activated in the presence/influx of recalcitrant to a particular ecological nich(es). Lipases are activated in the presence of triacylglyceride while peroxidase and catalse activity is stimulated in the presence of peroxide and other superoxides; urease activity is activated in the presence of organic matter urea.
Effect of heavy metals on mean shoot length of Amaranthus sp. cultivated in the agricultural soil.
Figures 2, 3 and 4 below shows the differential impact of the heavy metals on development of the cultivated vegetable (Amaranthus sp., Solanum sp and T. Oleifera) in the presence of the heavy metals.
Figure 2. Effect of different trace metals on the mean shoot length of Amaranthus cultivated on agricultural soil Enugu state.
Figure 3. Effect of different trace metals on the mean shoot length of Solanum sp. cultivated on agricultural soil from Enugu state.
Figure 4. Effect of different trace metals on the mean shoot length of T. oceifera cultivated on agricultural soil from Enugu state.
Shoot length as known is the physiology of a plant depicting its growth rate from the soil level. Analysis on the impact of heavy metal pollution on the shoot length of the cultivated vegetables analysed for thirty-one days showed regressive increase in the shoot length of the cultivated vegetables as the period of harvest increases from 0-31 when compared with the control experiment. However Cd and As had the most estimated impact on the vegetables in all the cultivated soils and its impact progresses as the period of harvest increases.
From the results of the respective cultivated vegetables on the soil from Enugu state; there were noticeable non significant difference in soils contaminated with Fe, Cu and Zn and when compared with the control experiment. Mahmood A. and Malik
[52]
stated that Fe and Cu increases the growth and seedling of their experimented Zea-May and Phaseolus sp. in their study while Pb was a poison to the cultivated crops.
3.1. Effect of Different Trace Metals on the Mean Dry Matter of Amaranthus sp. Cultivated on Agricultural Soil from Enugu State
Figure 5, 6, and 7 below shows the differential impact of the heavy metals on total dry matter contents of the cultivated vegetable (Amaranthus sp., Solanum sp and T. Oleifera) in the presence of the heavy metals.
Figure 5. Effect of different trace metals on the mean dry matter of Amaranthus sp. cultivated on agricultural soil from Enugu state.
3.2. Effect of Different Trace Metals on the Mean Dry Matter of Solanum sp. Cultivated on Agricultural Soil from Enugu State
Figure 6. Effect of different trace metals on the mean dry matter of Solanum sp. cultivated on agricultural soil from Enugu state.
3.3. Effect of Different Trace Metals on the Mean Dry Matter of T.oceifera Cultivated on Agricultural Soil from Enugu State
Figure 7. Effect of different trace metals on the mean dry matter of T. oceifera cultivated on agricultural soil from Enugu state.
Dry matter weight contents of the cultivated vegetables cultivated in the polluted soils were analysed; also the same index was assessed in the vegetables from the un polluted soils. Dry matter contents which reflect the weight content of biological entities devoid of available water (aw). From the figures, there were significant increase in the dry matter contents of the cultivated vegetables in soil polluted with Cu, Fe and Zn respectively. However, dry matter contents were seen progressively low in vegetables cultivated in soils polluted with Cd, As and Pb. When compared with the control experiment, there is a significant decrease in dry matter contents of the vegetables cultivated in soils polluted with Cd, As and Pb respectively however, the dry matter contents were seen higher in vegetables cultivated soils polluted with Fe, Zn and Cu when compared with the control experiment. Thebo et al. (2017) in their experiment on the global, spatially-explicit assessment of irrigated croplands influenced by urban wastewater flows showed a significant impact of divalent Fe on the growth and seedling of Water lilies which reflects positively in its dry matter contents. Merkl et al.
[57]
exemplified the significant of some fibrous plants like Sativum as phytoremediators in a crude oil impacted soils. They went further to state that there were recorded increase in the growth and productivity of these crops which was aided by bio timely stimulations with minerals like Fe and Zn. Li et al.,
[48]
reported that total dry matter of plants is a quality marker of enriched soil on plant growth as crops cultivated on fertile land grows faster than that of a compromised soil. Chukwu and Adams
[24]
reported a similar correlation on effect of generator (Exhaust) Fumes on the growth and development of Lycopersicum esculentus (Tomato), in their study, the total dry matter of the tomato plant increases as the cultivation day progresses.
Figure 8. Effect of different trace metals on the total chlorophyll contents of Amaranthus cultivated on agricultural soil from Enugu state.
Effect of different trace metals on the total chlorophyll contents of T.oceifera cultivated on agricultural soil from Enugu state.
Figure 9. Effect of different trace metals on the total chlorophyll contents of T. oceifera cultivated on agricultural soil from Enugu state.
Effect of different trace metals on the total chlorophyll contents of Solanum cultivated on agricultural soil from Enugu state.
Figure 10. Effect of different trace metals on the total chlorophyll contents of Solanum cultivated on agricultural soil from Enugu state.
Total chlorophyl a and b in the selected vegetables showed a correlative increase in chlorophyl a and b in soils contaminated with Zn, Cu and Fe in all the cultivated vegetables: T.oleifera, Amaranthus and Solanum sp respectively.
Recall as described by Valerro
[66]
that Heavy metals of Zn, Cu and Fe are important biogeochemical metals (ions) which recycles with the olefiers of soils and aquatic bodies and aid in fostering of other nutrient uptake by cultivated plants. He went further to state that they are important metals for pigmentation in any green or other coloured plant(s). There are significant increase in total cholorphyl a and b contents from the results when compared with the control experiment as other soil contaminated with heavy metals such as: Pb, As, Pb repressed the selected vegetables cultivated in the soils. However total chlorophyll a was seen slightly higher than cholophyl b in all the selected vegetables.
4. Conclusion
Agricultural sustainability and revolution stand out as major fulcrum of nations developmental strides. Quest for vegetarian diets is on the increase due to high clinical evidences from animal and other related meal. The statues of these vegetables and alike in the market today remains very obscure. The results from the present study have shown the vulnerability of agricultural soil and cultivated vegetables to effluent from industrial bias sources used for irrigation and its impact on agricultural productivity. These on the long run may endanger the health statues of the peasant farmers who use them for irrigation and the crops cultivated.
Abbreviations

Pb

Lead

Zn

Zinc

Cu

Copper

Pnpp

Paranitrophenyl Palmitate

BDL

Below Detectable Limit
Ethics
Authors declared no ethical issues that may arise after the publication of this manuscript.
Author Contributions
Uchenna Fredrick Anikwe: Conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiment and processed the data, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript.
Cyril Onyekachi Edeoga: Co-supervised the research and revised the manuscript.
Emeka Henry Oparaji: Performed the experiment, processed the data and revised the manuscript.
Godwin Ikechukwu Ameh: Analyzed the research design and methodology, interpreted the data.
Funding
This work was solely funded by Anikwe, Uchenna F.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors hereby state that there is no conflict of interest from anybody as regards to this research article.
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    Anikwe, U. F., Ameh, G. I., Edeoga, C. O., Oparaji, E. H. (2024). Soil Enzyme Responses and Crop Productivity Indices Assessment in Agricultural Soil Impacted with Heavy Metals. American Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, 8(2), 34-44. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbe.20240802.11

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    Anikwe, U. F.; Ameh, G. I.; Edeoga, C. O.; Oparaji, E. H. Soil Enzyme Responses and Crop Productivity Indices Assessment in Agricultural Soil Impacted with Heavy Metals. Am. J. Chem. Biochem. Eng. 2024, 8(2), 34-44. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcbe.20240802.11

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    Anikwe UF, Ameh GI, Edeoga CO, Oparaji EH. Soil Enzyme Responses and Crop Productivity Indices Assessment in Agricultural Soil Impacted with Heavy Metals. Am J Chem Biochem Eng. 2024;8(2):34-44. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcbe.20240802.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajcbe.20240802.11,
  author = {Uchenna Fredrick Anikwe and Godwin Ikechukwu Ameh and Cyril Onyekachi Edeoga and Emeka Henry Oparaji},
  title = {Soil Enzyme Responses and Crop Productivity Indices Assessment in Agricultural Soil Impacted with Heavy Metals
},
  journal = {American Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering},
  volume = {8},
  number = {2},
  pages = {34-44},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajcbe.20240802.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbe.20240802.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajcbe.20240802.11},
  abstract = {The present study assessed the productivity of cultivated garden vegetable among other ecological assessments in soil samples impacted with heavy metals. Assay of soil enzyme responses showed the activity of: catalase, peroxidase, lipase and ureasewith corresponding OD reading of 0.750, 2.05, 0.22 and 1.704 respectively. There were noticeable increases in the activity of ureaseandperoxidasewhilecatalaseandlipaseactivitywererelativelylowinthesampledsoil. Out of the 321g of the vegetable seedstested for viability, 45% representing 144.45g was used for the planting and further experiment. After three days of cultivation, germination process was recorded faster in the T. oleifera potted ridge while Amaranthus and Solanum sp seed took 3-4 day for break full dormancy. Determination of total chlorophyll a and b in the selected vegetables showed a correlative increase in chlorophyll a and b in soils contaminated with Zn, Cu and Fe in all the cultivated vegetables: T. oleifera, Amaranthus and Solanum sp, respectively. There are significant increase in total cholorphyl a (0.9mg/g) and b (0.8mg/g) contents from the results when compared with the control experiment as other soil contaminated with heavy metals such as: Pb, and As repressed the selected vegetables cultivated in the soil samples. However total chlorophyll a was seems lightly higher than cholophyl b in all the selected vegetable cultivated in soil. Analysis on the impact of heavy metals on the shootlength of the cultivated vegetables analysed for thirty-one days showed regressive increase in the shootlength of the cultivated vegetables as the period of harvest increases from 0-31 when compared with the control experiment. However Cd and As had the most estimated impact on the vegetables in all the cultivated soils and its impact progresses as the period of harvest increases. Dry matter weight contents of the cultivated vegetables cultivated in the polluted soils were analysed; also the same index was assessed in the vegetables from the unpolluted soils. There was a significant increase in the dry matter contents of the cultivated vegetables in soil polluted with Cu, Fe and Zn respectively. However, dry matter contents were seen progressively low in vegetables cultivated in soils polluted with Cd, As and Pb. When compared with the control experiment. The results from the present study have shown the vulnerability of agricultural soil and cultivated vegetables to effluent from industrial bias sources used for irrigation and its impact on agricultural productivity.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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  • TY  - JOUR
T1  - Soil Enzyme Responses and Crop Productivity Indices Assessment in Agricultural Soil Impacted with Heavy Metals

AU  - Uchenna Fredrick Anikwe
AU  - Godwin Ikechukwu Ameh
AU  - Cyril Onyekachi Edeoga
AU  - Emeka Henry Oparaji
Y1  - 2024/09/29
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbe.20240802.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajcbe.20240802.11
T2  - American Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
SP  - 34
EP  - 44
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2639-9989
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbe.20240802.11
AB  - The present study assessed the productivity of cultivated garden vegetable among other ecological assessments in soil samples impacted with heavy metals. Assay of soil enzyme responses showed the activity of: catalase, peroxidase, lipase and ureasewith corresponding OD reading of 0.750, 2.05, 0.22 and 1.704 respectively. There were noticeable increases in the activity of ureaseandperoxidasewhilecatalaseandlipaseactivitywererelativelylowinthesampledsoil. Out of the 321g of the vegetable seedstested for viability, 45% representing 144.45g was used for the planting and further experiment. After three days of cultivation, germination process was recorded faster in the T. oleifera potted ridge while Amaranthus and Solanum sp seed took 3-4 day for break full dormancy. Determination of total chlorophyll a and b in the selected vegetables showed a correlative increase in chlorophyll a and b in soils contaminated with Zn, Cu and Fe in all the cultivated vegetables: T. oleifera, Amaranthus and Solanum sp, respectively. There are significant increase in total cholorphyl a (0.9mg/g) and b (0.8mg/g) contents from the results when compared with the control experiment as other soil contaminated with heavy metals such as: Pb, and As repressed the selected vegetables cultivated in the soil samples. However total chlorophyll a was seems lightly higher than cholophyl b in all the selected vegetable cultivated in soil. Analysis on the impact of heavy metals on the shootlength of the cultivated vegetables analysed for thirty-one days showed regressive increase in the shootlength of the cultivated vegetables as the period of harvest increases from 0-31 when compared with the control experiment. However Cd and As had the most estimated impact on the vegetables in all the cultivated soils and its impact progresses as the period of harvest increases. Dry matter weight contents of the cultivated vegetables cultivated in the polluted soils were analysed; also the same index was assessed in the vegetables from the unpolluted soils. There was a significant increase in the dry matter contents of the cultivated vegetables in soil polluted with Cu, Fe and Zn respectively. However, dry matter contents were seen progressively low in vegetables cultivated in soils polluted with Cd, As and Pb. When compared with the control experiment. The results from the present study have shown the vulnerability of agricultural soil and cultivated vegetables to effluent from industrial bias sources used for irrigation and its impact on agricultural productivity.

VL  - 8
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

  • Uchenna Fredrick Anikwe

    Department of Applied Biology, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria

  • Godwin Ikechukwu Ameh

    Department of Applied Biology, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria

  • Cyril Onyekachi Edeoga

    Department of Applied Biology, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria

  • Emeka Henry Oparaji

    Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

    Contact Email

    http://orcid.org/0009-0009-0305-4884

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